a venetian ambassadors report on the st bartholomew's day massacre

Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in: The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition King Charles IX of France was Catherine's second son to sit on the . Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. [69] The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. History 104 / January 16, 2013 Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. [49], The Politiques, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot coup d'etat. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the Pope. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacy in northern Italy, which marked the last half of the fif- teenth century, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that would be fundamental to relations among all modern states. He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". 33. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. Here, he is relating the events leading up to the Massacre and the orders of the Queen of France, Catherine de'Medici. I. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [45] At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000,[46] or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians Felipe Fernndez-Armesto and D. [95] He concludes that the historical importance of the Massacre "lies not so much in the appalling tragedies involved as their demonstration of the power of sectarian passion to break down the barriers of civilisation, community and accepted morality". The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre is the setting for Tim Willocks' historical novel, The Twelve Children of Paris (Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013. It seems probable that a signal was given by ringing bells for matins (between midnight and dawn) at the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, near the Louvre, which was the parish church of the kings of France. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. Don't leave a single one alive to reproach me! -It caused the Huguenots to flee France The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) To which is added, the Description of a New Blazing World 567, Ren Descartes From Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy 575, Isaac Newton From Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 579, Illustration from Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (1705) 581, John Locke From An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 583, A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value, James Brophy is the Francis H. Squire Professor of History specializing in modern European history at the University of Delaware. In the third episode of the BBC miniseries Elizabeth R (1971), starring Glenda Jackson as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. His only surviving work is the best known depiction of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Those who remained became increasingly radicalized. Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. [80] Apart from Anjou, the others were all Italian advisors at the French court. For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. 31. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. It all started when Margret of Valois (the kings sister) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant) decided to get married. 33. A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations features a diverse range of primary sources, offering a total of 251 classic and contemporary documents of varying length, as well as images. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . 30. [94], The historian H.G. 30. Bloodshed continued in Paris even after a royal order of August 25 to stop the killing, and it spread to the provinces. Other theories about who was ultimately responsible for the attack centre on three candidates: The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the, beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. But kill them all! The site is now 144, Holt (2005 edn), pp. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 The massacre caused a "major international crisis". [33] Apparently genuine letters from the Duke of Anjou, the king's younger brother, did urge massacres in the king's name; in Nantes the mayor fortunately held on to his without publicising it until a week later when contrary orders from the king had arrived. [13] Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year. After the wedding of Catholic Marguerite de Valois and Huguenot Henry de Navarre on August 18 of 1572,[17] Coligny and the leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some outstanding grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king. [7], Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that the harvests had been poor and taxes had risen. [56] Moderate French Catholics also began to wonder whether religious uniformity was worth the price of such bloodshed and the ranks of the Politiques began to swell. 3. [35] In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on September 29 of a Jesuit, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later. Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . 34. Read and study old-school with our bound texts. 2. Modern writers put the number at 3,000 in Paris alone. "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at George Mason University, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. [25] Recent research by Jrmie Foa, investigating the prosopography suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.[26]. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) 2013, St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in the Provinces, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572", "Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader | Britannica", "Le massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy: l'obsession de la souillure hrtique", The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, The Cambridge Modern History Volume III: Wars of Religion, Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy, "Vigil Address of the Holy Father John Paul II", "The Doctor Who Transcripts The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&oldid=1151357161, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, France articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Kill them! Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a princess of France to a Protestant. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. available here [47] For Paris, the only hard figure is a payment by the city to workmen for collecting and burying 1,100 bodies washed up on the banks of the Seine downstream from the city in one week. [64][65] There are also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. From Pursuit of Power:Venetian Ambassadors' Reports on Spain, Turkey and Francein the Age of Phillip II, 1560-1600, by James C. Davis (New York:-HarperCollins, 1970),pp. [1] A fellow Huguenot refugee, a banker from Lyon, commissioned the painting to commemorate the event. II. 2023 OCLC Domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of OCLC, Inc. and its affiliates. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. The massacre in Paris lasted three days despite the king's attempts to stop it. [99], Joseph Chnier's play Charles IX was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. GIOVANNI MICHIEL FROMA Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacyin northern Italy, which marked the last half of thefif- teenthcentury, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that wouldbe fundamental to relations amongall modern states. Sculpted Pillar at Gobekli Tepe (c. 10,000 B.C.E.) Holt concludes that "while the general massacre might have been prevented, there is no evidence that it was intended by any of the elites at court", listing a number of cases where Catholic courtiers intervened to save individual Protestants who were not in the leadership. Charles IX was thus forced to head off the potential riot, which was the work of the Guises, the city militia and the common people. Many of the wealthiest and most prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris to attend the wedding. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. Charles was persuaded to approve of the scheme, and, on the night of August 23, members of the Paris municipality were called to the Louvre and given their orders. Painting of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris / Franois Dubois -- 20. D. C. and Kingstown established diplomatic relations when St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ambassador Hudson Kemul Tannis presented his credentials Milton Cato: Ronald Reagan: December 7, 1981: After all, she was originally involved in a plan to kill only one person, not thousands. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 589,. The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of the King. The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. He noted that the extra violence inflicted on many of the corpses "was not random at all, but patterned after the rites of the Catholic culture that had given birth to it". Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . The bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the Seine. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Related Documents (Brophy reader) Christopher Marlowe was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. Instead of crippling the Huguenot party as Catherine had hoped it would do, the massacre revived hatred between Roman Catholics and Huguenots and helped provoke a renewal of hostilities. "[91], However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? 30. [58] Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor. These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Political Responses . It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. 8283, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361, Knecht (2001), p. 364. [3] Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".[4]. he was a politique he restarted the french wars of religion he was hated by the french peasantry the inflation of the sixteenth century was a result of the influx of wealth from the new world and increased population spanish dreams of a world empire were undermined by the revolt of the netherlands The first round, Germany : Lutherans vs. Catholics The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. According to the contemporary French historian Jacques Auguste de Thou, one of Coligny's murderers was struck by how calmly he accepted his fate, and remarked that "he never saw anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly". Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethlemy", 2021, La Dcouverte, ISBN 2348057883, Holt (2005 ed. View western civ 14&15.docx from SOC MISC at North Carolina Wesleyan College. We are happy to offer free Achieve access in addition to the physical sample you have selected. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". 32. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on August 22[18] as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. B. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. B. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . The Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day had for its background the political and religious rivalries of the court of France. 1st Edition ISBN: 9780547034997 Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. Royal Caribbean Cruise Ship Captain Salary, Articles A